Principles of Ecology

The principles on which ecology is based are described below.

I. Integrity of Nature: All biotic and abiotic species form a whole with nature. All assets are interdependent in order to ensure the continuity of vital activities and to maintain their existence. This dependence can be direct or indirect, low or high. In this case, the results of each situation performed in nature at a specific place and time will be obtained.

Nutritional relations rings, which are defined by the food chain pyramid, are a good example of the dependence of entities. In nature, each relationship works in a certain balance. As a result of the efforts of humans to destroy the mice, the balance is degraded and prevents the snakes from feeding, causing the species to disappear. Thus, the mouse population is increasing and plundering the farmland. The first step in the dam project investments should be the afforestation of the basins. This is a good example of the integrity and balance principle of nature. The operation of a dam at the desired yield depends on the sediment causing the blockage. Sediments are blocked by erosion. Prevention of erosion is provided by healthy vegetation cover.

II. Nature's Limitation: The excessive consumption of the growing population is irreversible because of the wastefulness of the ecological systems that they are unwittingly or unaware of. There is no infinite amount of matter in nature and everything has its limits. The Black Forests of Germany are exposed to acid rain as a result of damages caused by industrial wastes and are gradually disappearing. In Bangladesh and Ethiopia, the rising population level is balanced as a result of the famines. This situation, which is the biggest indicator that the population pushes the boundaries of nature in an ecological sense, is also observed in the inability to clean itself as a result of exceeding the carrying capacity of İzmir Bay due to industrial pollution.

III. Self-Control of Nature: Nature, which has a self-control mechanism, ensures and limits the species to be of a certain size. This feature is called self-regulation. Carrying capacity exceeded as a result of overpopulation leads to poverty due to depletion of resources and biodiversity. As a result, nutrition, shelter, reproductive activities are restricted and mortality rates are increasing. Thus, the balance of the population is provided.

IV. Diversity of Nature: The biotic and abiotic diversity on Earth is estimated to be over 30 million. Within this natural wealth, each species has its own ecological niche. Because of their duties and functions, their relations with each other ensure the continuity of nature. Many species are resistant to disease and so on due to their genetic properties. effects and helps other creatures to continue their vital activities. Nature supports the unity of all-round and diverse species. The current energy crisis developed as a result of fossil energy resources reaching the exhaustion limit. Oil, coal and so on. Apart from the use of fossil resources, countries that are focusing on renewable energy resources have a versatile and sustainable ecological policy by reducing the risks of the crisis.

V. Protection of Substance: 1 of thermodynamics. Act. In closed systems, no substance can be destroyed while it is present and cannot be destroyed when it is not. As a result of realized cycles, they occur again in the same / similar / different state or in different environments. As a result of the discharge of process wastes to different environments, pollution such as wind, cloud, rain, discharge etc. with different geographies. Thus, the ecosystems of the transported geography are damaged and the ecological balance is shaken. The Chernobyl accident affecting the DDT and tea products found in the penguin tissues is an example of this situation.

VI. Every success has its price: 2 of thermodynamics. Act. Only a certain portion of the energy converted into a different form is utilized. A fee is paid in return for benefit or success with each resource used. As a result of the use of oil as a fuel, transportation is provided and facilitated by motor vehicles. However, the harmful gases released cause air pollution and its consequences. Solar energy supplies nutrients to plants and animals, and the heat released as a result of metabolic expenditure is distributed to the environment. The radiated heat constitutes 4 percent of the solar energy taken. 100 calorie value 10 calorie meat is taken from cattle fed with grain cereal feed. For this reason, meat is accepted as luxury in high populated countries.

VII. Response to Nature: No entity in nature performs interventions that will lead to the deterioration of the ecological balance. However, human beings make negative interventions towards nature, cause short-term and long-term effects and receive small / large response from nature. As a result of forest massacres, flood, landslide and erosion are inevitable and harmful gases and wastes cause global warming.

VIII. The Best Solution in Nature: The rule of change refers to the existence of numerous adaptations and adaptations to existing conditions over the course of millions of years on earth. Nature is able to solve problems that arise due to its systematic principles within its own unique mechanism. However, if the carrying capacity is exceeded, the solution times are prolonged or the damages cannot be recovered. The genetic information contained in the DNA molecule is mutated by exposure to radiation. In this case, the likelihood of a beneficial mutation is much lower than the probability of a harmful mutation.

IX. Respect for Cultural Evolution and Traditional Ecology: Apart from the path of biological evolution, there are also ecological adaptations that result from generations' own experience. This accumulation is the result of cultural evolution. Dry bean-rice is the best food to meet the basic protein needs of the body in the shortage of protein provided from animal foods and it has been found as a result of the experiments of the local people. Terraced method applied to mountainous areas in agriculture BC. 1000-3000 was applied in the Eastern Mediterranean, South America and the Philippines between the years. The knowledge of nature of all generations in history should be respected in the age of science and technology, where every unproven situation is rejected.

X. Going with Nature: Human and vital activities should be carried out in accordance with the systematic of nature. Otherwise, ecological problems will increase gradually.